Flexible photoanodes of TiO2 particles and metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes for flexible dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract

Recent advance in flexible electronics demands development of flexible energy sources. Of particular interests are flexible dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). However, a brittle nature of TiO2 materials is one of hurdles to realize flexible DSCs. Here we synthesized flexible photoanodes of TiO2 particles and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Metallic SWNTs provided a greater photovoltaic conversion efficiency than semiconducting SWNTs due to the more efficient electron transport. The metallic SWNTs also constructed effective mechanical network among TiO2 particles providing flexibility and durability. The photoanode was transferred on an indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated polyethylene terephthalate film and characterized for front-illuminated DSCs under the AM 1.5 simulated sunlight. There was only a small decrease in photovoltaic conversion efficiency with bending which was primarily caused by cracking of the ITO layer. Due to this limitation, the TiO2–metallic SWNT photoanode was transferred on a Ti foil and went through up to 1000 bending cycles. The cycled photoanode was assembled for back-illuminated DSCs due to the nontransparent Ti foil. There was no decrease in photovoltaic conversion efficiency even after 1000 bending cycles demonstrating excellent flexibility and durability.