Differentiation of True Progression from Pseudoprogression in Glioblastoma Treated with Radiation Therapy and Concomitant Temozolomide: Comparison Study of Standard and High-b-Value Diffusion-weighted Imaging

Abstract

To explore the role of histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coeffi - cient (ADC) maps obtained at standard- and high-b-value (1000 and 3000 sec/mm2, respectively) diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging in the differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression in glioblastoma treated with radiation therapy and concomitant temozolomide. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board of Seoul National University Hospital, and the informed consent requirement was waived. Thirty patients with histopathologically proved glioblastoma who had undergone concurrent chemo- and radiation therapy (CCRT) with temozolomide underwent diffusionweighted MR imaging with b values of 1000 and 3000 sec/mm2, and the corresponding ADC maps were calculated from entire newly developed or enlarged enhancing lesions after completion of CCRT. The histogram parameters of each ADC map between true progression (n = 15) and pseudoprogression (n = 15) groups were compared by using the unpaired Student t test. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the best cutoff values for predictors in the differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression. Results were validated in an independent test set of nine patients by using the best cutoff value to predict differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression. The accuracy of the selected best cutoff value in the independent test set was then calculated. Results: In terms of cumulative histograms, the fi fth percentile of both ADC at b value of 1000 sec/mm2 (ADC1000) and the ADC at b value of 3000 sec/mm2 (ADC3000) were signifi cantly lower in the true progression group than in the pseudoprogression group (P = .049 and P , .001, respectively). In contrast, neither the mean ADC1000 value nor the mean ADC3000 value was signifi cantly different between the two groups. The diagnostic values of the parameters derived from ADC1000 and ADC3000 were compared, and a signifi cant difference (0.224, P = .016) was found between the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the fi fth percentile for ADC1000 and that for ADC3000. The accuracies were 66.7% (six of nine patients) and 88.9% (eight of nine patients) based on the fi fth percentile of both ADC1000 and ADC3000 in the independent test set, respectively. Conclusion: The fi fth percentile of the cumulative ADC histogram obtained at a high b value was the most promising parameter in the differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression of the newly developed or enlarged enhancing lesions after CCRT with temozolomide for glioblastoma treatment.