Interplay between Plants and Microbial Communities: Insights from Holobionts and Environmental Interactions

Abstract

Plants interact with a complex network of microorganisms, forming a dynamic holobiont that is crucial for their health, growth, and adaptation. This interconnected system is deeply influenced by environmental factors, which modulate the relationships within the plant microbiome. Key environmental drivers such as light, temperature, and moisture can alter the balance of these interactions, impacting plant immunity, resilience, and overall fitness. The traditional disease triangle model, which emphasizes plant-pathogen-environment interactions, is enhanced by incorporating the role of the microbiome, revealing how microbial communities contribute to disease outcomes. This review highlights the importance of shifting focus from studying plants in isolation to embracing an integrated approach that accounts for the intricate interactions between plants, microbes, and their surrounding environments. Comprehending these interactions is pivotal as we explore new approaches, including advanced sequencing technologies and microbiome engineering, to optimize plant-microbe relationships for improved crop resilience. These insights are vital for developing sustainable agricultural practices to address the impacts of climate change and other environmental challenges.