Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storageHighly Cited Paper
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Title
- Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage
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Author(s)
- Bonaccorso, F; Colombo, L; Yu, GH; Stoller, M; Tozzini, V; Ferrari, AC; Ruoff, RS; Pellegrini, V
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Publication Date
- 2015-01
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Journal
- SCIENCE, v.347, no.6217, pp.1246501
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Publisher
- AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
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Abstract
- BACKGROUND: The integration of graphene
in photovoltaic modules, fuel cells, batteries,
supercapacitors, and devices for hydrogen
generation offers opportunities to tackle challenges
driven by the increasing global energy
demand. Graphene’s two-dimensional (2D)
nature leads to a theoretical surface-to-mass
ratio of ~2600 m2/g, which combined with
its high electrical conductivity and flexibility,
gives it the potential to store electric charge,
ions, or hydrogen. Other 2D crystals, such as
transition metal chalcogenides (TMDs) and
transitionmetal oxides, are also promising and
are now gaining increasing attention for energy
applications. The advantage of using such
2D crystals is linked to the possibility of creating
and designing layered artificial structures
with “on-demand” properties by means
of spin-on processes, or layer-by-layer assembly.
This approach exploits the availability of
materials with metallic, semiconducting, and
insulating properties.
ADVANCES: The success of graphene and
related materials (GRMs) for energy applications
crucially depends on the development
and optimization of production methods.
High-volume liquid-phase exfoliation is being
developed for a wide variety of layered
materials. This technique is being optimized
to control the flake size and to increase the
edge-to-surface ratio, which is crucial for optimizing
electrode performance in fuel cells
and batteries. Micro- or nanocrystal or flake
edge control can also be achieved through
chemical synthesis. This is an ideal route
for functionalization, in order to improve
storage capacity. Large-area growth via
chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been
demonstrated, producing
material with high
structural and electronic
quality for the preparation
of transparent
conducting electrodes
for displays and touchscreens,
and is being evaluated for photovoltaic
applications. CVD growth of other
multicomponent layered materials is less
mature and needs further development.
Although many transfer techniques have
been developed successfully, further improvement
of high-volume manufacturing
and transfer processes for multilayered heterostructures
is needed. In this context,
layer-by-layer assembly may enable the realization
of devices with on-demand properties
for targeted applications, such as
photovoltaic devices in which photon absorption
in TMDs is combined with charge
transport in graphene.
OUTLOOK: Substantial progress has been
made on the preparation of GRMs at the
laboratory level. However, cost-effective production
of GRMs on an industrial scale is
needed to create the future energy value
chain. Applications that could benefit the
most from GRMs include flexible electronics,
batteries with efficient anodes and
cathodes, supercapacitors with high energy
density, and solar cells. The realization of
GRMs with specific transport and insulating
properties on demand is an important
goal. Additional energy applications of GRMs
comprise water splitting and hydrogen production.
As an example, the edges of MoS2
single layers can oxidize fuels—such as hydrogen,
methanol, and ethanol—in fuel cells,
and GRM membranes can be used in fuel
cells to improve proton exchange. Functionalized
graphene can be exploited for water
splitting and hydrogen production. Flexible
and wearable devices and membranes incorporating
GRMs can also generate electricity
from motion, as well as from water and gas
flows.
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URI
- https://pr.ibs.re.kr/handle/8788114/1713
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DOI
- 10.1126/science.1246501
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ISSN
- 0036-8075
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Appears in Collections:
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