Transcriptional Perturbations of 2,6-Diaminopurine and 2-Aminopurine

Abstract

2,6-Diaminopurine (Z) is a naturally occurring adenine (A) analog that bacteriophages employ in place of A in their genetic alphabet. Recent discoveries of biogenesis pathways of Z in bacteriophages have stimulated substantial research interest in this DNA modification. Here, we systematically examined the effects of Z on the efficiency and fidelity of DNA transcription. Our results showed that Z exhibited no mutagenic yet substantial inhibitory effects on transcription mediated by purified T7 RNA polymerase and by human RNA polymerase II in HeLa nuclear extracts and in human cells. A structurally related adenine analog, 2-aminopurine (2AP), strongly blocked T7 RNA polymerase but did not impede human RNA polymerase II in vitro or in human cells, where no mutant transcript could be detected. The lack of mutagenic consequence and the presence of a strong blockage effect of Z on transcription suggest a role of Z in transcriptional regulation. Z is also subjected to removal by transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair (TC-NER), but not global-genome NER in human cells. Our findings provide new insight into the effects of Z on transcription and its potential biological functions.